Only a few of the more than 100 elements are used to impart a color to a pyrotechnic flame. These are strontium (red), barium (green), copper (green or blue) and sodium (yellow).

Ellern states that lithium (red), boron (green), thallium (green), rubidium (red) and cesium (blue) are also strong color producers but that their use is not practical because of cost, toxicity or the nature of the compounds.

All of these elements have certain properties and characteristics in common which contribute to colored light emission.

An ideally formulated pyrotechnic colored flame composition is one which, when burned, produces combustion products all of which readily emit radiation in the wavelength of the desired color.

To prepare efficient formulations, pyrotechnics must be compounded to form the neutral atoms or molecules in large amounts. To do this, the approach will vary with the element used to produce the color.

This Manual covers topics such as:

• PURPOSE
• INTRODUCTION
• COLORED FLAME PRODUCTION
  • Mechanism
  • Spectrum vs Emitter
  • Emitters vs Temperature and Color
  • Temperature
  • Energy Definitions and Relationships
  • Heat of Formation
  • Entropy
  • Free Energy of Formation
  • Ionization
  • Ionization Buffer
  • Halogen Influences and Color Production
  • Chemiluminescence
  • Emission Suppression and Intensification
  • Flame Equilibria
• POSTULATES AND SUMMARY

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